Contents of the issue:
Irena Lapina, Georgy Omel’yanyuk, Aleksandr Usov
NEW TRENDS IN THE FIELD OF FORENSIC ACTIVITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME
The article examines the main trends in the field of forensic activity caused by global changes and challenges to the traditionally established order. Particular attention is paid to the problems of digital transformation, the essence of the concepts «object of digital transformation», «trail of digital transformation» is revealed and the need to fix them in the implementation of forensic activities is argued. It is noted that in relation to the area under consideration, it is obvious that with the digital transformation of society, first of all, the needs of the law enforcement officer in the nature, volume and timing of the use of special expert knowledge in legal proceedings are changing. The authors show the possibilities of digitalization of criminal records, reference and information funds, and natural collections. The advantages of accreditation of forensic organizations and standardization of forensic activities are presented. The proposals for the inclusion of a new module «Basics of digital transformation of forensic activity» in additional educational programs in expert specialties are justified, as well as confirmation of the digital competence of a forensic expert, which will form a sufficiently high level of digital competence of a forensic expert.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962548)
Aleksandar Ivanović
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCES IN THE FUTURE: ETHICS, EDUCATION AND LEGALITY
The article considers the bases for the development of forensic expertize: ethics, education and legality. The author notes the value of forensic expert’s work for the court proceedings and also the need of its unification and standardization arising from transboundary nature of crimes. Ethics, education and legality of forensic examination are considered in the framework of accreditation according to the ISO 17025. The author analyses some provisions of the ethics code of forensic activity, discusses the way of professional education for forensic experts at the accredited laboratories on the example of the Forensic Center of Montenegro. Article presents the cases of using Fry’s rule and Dauber’s rule.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47956483)
Roman Pertsev
FORMATION OF A DATABASE OF HUMAN GENETIC PROFILES AND LEGAL REGULATION OF ITS USE IN ISRAEL
Examination technologies are effective if they help to investigate crimes. Today one of the important roles is played by criminal records of individual genetic traits of a person, this article observes databases of DNA profiles, examines the issues of legal regulation of maintaining such databases and protecting personal information stored in them in different countries. The effectiveness of the use by the Israeli police of the national database of DNA profiles in the investigation of crimes is noted.
The author also suggests ways to improve the efficiency of work in this sphere through legal regulation of the protection of personal information stored in databases and its use; expanding the list of categories of persons whose DNA profiles are subject to mandatory registration and categories of crimes where DNA profiles (biological materials seized from the crime scene) are registered.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962550)
Pavlos Kipouras
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION ‒ GRAPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN HANDWRITING’S EXPERTISE, THEORETICAL-PRACTICAL ISSUES
Two different methodological approaches are applied in the modern Forensic Document Examination field in Western countries: Document Examination and Judicial Graphology. These approaches are based on different scientific mentalities, although they lead in practice to the application of similar or completely equivalent methods. The reference of the graphological branches and the analysis of the basic conception of Judicial Graphology results complementary to the technical mentality of Document Examination. The main advantage of Graphology refers to the investigation of the dynamic aspect of the handwriting, while Document Examination focuses more on the technical aspect of the document. Practical cases of expertise reveal both the limits and contribution of every approach in case solving. The combination of both ideological concepts is of vital importance in modern expertise on suspected documents and disputed handwriting or signature.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962551)
Maksim Podpoluho
THE ISSUES OF EXPERT IDENTIFICATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT’S SIGNATORY, IN CASES OF USING ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF ITS SIGNING
The development of information technologies has led to the introduction into practice of new ways of creating documents, the use of copies of documents, documents in electronic form and electronic documents. As a result, alternative ways of signing documents have appeared, including the use of analogues and other types of handwritten signature. The article deals with the main features of a signature as a document’s requisite, conventional and alternative ways of signing documents, and their capabilities to ensure the signature’s verification function. Close attention is paid to the expert possibilities of identifying of questioned document’s signatory, depending on the way of signing, including digital handwritten signature, facsimile, etc. According to the results of the study, the prospects of a comprehensive study of the digital handwritten (biometric) signature are stated, as well as the need to create theoretical and methodological foundations for the examination of handwritten signatures made on tablets, signatures based on their images in copies of documents, stamps of facsimile and other displays.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962552)
Andrey Tolochko
MATRIX ANALYSIS OF INTERDISCIPLINARY CONNECTIONS OF THE THEORY OF OPERATION-AL-SEARCH ACTIVITY WITH CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
The development of criminal law sciences dictates the need to search for opportunities to obtain new knowledge to solve problematic issues in this area, including through the study of interdisciplinary connections. Using only qualitative methods does not always reveal all the aspects of connections, therefore for a more detailed picture in this kind of research it is necessary to use quantitative research methods.
This article describes the research of the quantitative characteristics of interdisciplinary connections in the system of criminal law sciences using the matrix method on the example of the links between the theory of operational search activity with criminology and criminal procedure. The author proposed an improved version of this method, which makes it possible to analyze interdisciplinary connections both at the level of thematic sections of scientific disciplines and at the level of individual elements of their content. The differences in the nature of the manifestation of links between the theory of operational search activity and criminology and between the theory of operational search activity and the criminal process are considered.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962553)
Vladimir Semyonov
PRECEDENT EXPERIENCE OF AN EXPERTS PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF «HELPFUL STATE» IN OTHER CATEGORIES OF VIOLENT CRIMES
The article analyzes the problem of definitions of legal categories in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Belarus on the example of a private and general qualifying sign – «helpless state». Criminal legal prerequisites for forensic psychological assessment of the legal category of a «helpless state» among the victims as a result of a socially dangerous act related to torture are highlighted. The subject of forensic psychological assessment in the examination conducted in criminal cases of torture is described. The preliminary results of a new case-law experience of conducting a forensic psychological assessment of a «helpless state» in juvenile victims who were subjected to prolonged and systematic torture in a foster family are presented. Psychological forensic criteria for substantiating the conclusion about a «helpless state» among victims who were tortured are described.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962554)
Alexey Emelyanov, Vladimir Proshutin
DIAGNOSIS OF THE TIME OF DEATH BY THE MAGNITUDE OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
Determining the time of death is an important and complex issue, especially in the late postmortem period. To solve this problem a method was created. It is based on the dynamics of changes in the electrical resistance of peripheral nerves. The research was carried out on cadaveric material by excision of fragments of the median nerve from the upper limb and sciatic from the lower limb. Later, using the original device, the electrical resistance of the objects was measured for two months. After that, dynamic of process was found and used for practical application, to determine the time of death. The method can be used in the late posthumous period. During the study, a clear dynamics of change in the value of electrical resistance was revealed depending on various storage conditions of objects. On this basis, a technique has been developed for measuring the electrical resistance of the peripheral nerve directly at the scene of the accident to determine the duration of death.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962555)
Elena Danchenko
THE CONCENRTATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN THE BLOOD AND VITREOUS BODY
Ethyl alcohol is a psychoactive substance and is a major factor in road traffic accidents, suicides, accidents and fatal poisonings. Blood is usually used for testing for ethyl alcohol. However, various factors can affect the concentration of ethanol in the blood. The vitreous humor is considered as an alternative object in forensic toxicology and biochemistry. The article is a review of literature data describing the correlation between the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood and in the vitreous humor. There is a high correlation between the concentration of ethanol in the blood and vitreous humor. The conversion factor of the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood using the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the vitreous humor depends on the stage of absorption or elimination of ethyl alcohol.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962556)
Oksana Makas, Gennadiy Zaluzhny, Iryna Pozniak
THE EXPERT RESEARCH OF THE NATURE OF DESTRUCTION OF STEEL PARTS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS USING COMPUTER MODELING
The article focuses on the research concerning the expediency and effectiveness of using digital three-dimensional images of fracture surfaces. These images were obtained with the help of a 3D scanner to define the type of fractures and determining their occurrence factors providing a high precision and reliability level. Scanner is based on photogrammetric method. This method allows to reproduce complex geometry, sharp and thin edges and to export 3D model to the CAD software in various formats. This universal approach recognizes patterns and mathematical 3D scanner image analysis. It makes possible to solve a wide range of tasks in the direction of a quantitative fracture description with high precision of the original object.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962557)
Anna Khokh, Alexey Avramenko
USE OF MODERN INSTRUMENTAL METHODS DURING FORENSIC BOTANICAL EXAMINATIONS
The article describes instrumental methods of diagnosis of the internal state and structure of wood with the help of a resistograph R650-SC which can be used during forensic botanical examinations. Peculiarities of work with a resistograph are analysed, specific examples of examination of the basic coniferous forest forming species of the Republic of Belarus are demonstrated, certain practical recommendations for drilling wood and interpreting the results obtained are provided. The possibility of implementation of a resistograhy method to determine the age of trees is discussed. The results of assessment of the impact of rotational speed and feed speed of a thin drill on the precision of the count of annual layers are provided. The conclusion that the use of this device will make it possible to enhance the capacity of a forensic expert, increase the productivity and quality of expert work, as well as provide the accuracy of expert examination results is explained.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru
( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962558)
Aleksey Lutsevich, Andrey Krylov, Aleksander Klimovich
EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF NON-EPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS
This article is devoted to the issue of differential diagnosis of non-epithelial neoplasms using the method of immunohistochemical study in addition to forensic histological study. The authors also carried out serious work on finding and studying the few literature data on the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma and rhabdomyosarcoma. The authors pay special attention to the practical application of this article, since it describes a case from practice and there is an illustration of the macroscopic type, histological and immunohistochemical preparations of internal organs.
The full text of the article is available in the free scientific digital library E-library.ru ( https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962559)
Evgeny Evtukhovich, Yurii Ostianko, Alena Bohdan, Victoria Golubovich
FEATURES OF CONDUCTING FORENSIC PSYCHIATRIC EXAMINATIONS IN CIVIL CASES ON CITIZENS’ LEGAL CAPACITY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CHANGES IN LEGISLATION
The article analyzes the procedure for carrying out a forensic psychiatric examination in the framework of civil proceedings in relation to establishing the fact of a person’s limited legal capacity due to a mental disease. The concept of “limited legal capacity of citizens due to mental disease” is revealed according to the latest changes in civil legislation. Тhe article describes the actions of the State Medical Forensic Expert Psychiatrist in determining the presence (absence) of medical and legal criteria when conducting forensic psychiatric examinations in order to recognize a citizen with limited legal capacity. When conducting an expert examination in the framework of civil proceedings on the restriction of a citizen in legal capacity during which the legal criterion of incapacity is established, it is necessary to indicate this in the expert’s opinion, since the absence of this makes the study of the issues under consideration incomplete and not objective.
The full text of the article is available in the
free scientific digital library E-library.ru (
https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47962560)
